Posted by admin | Posted in Flashlights | Posted on 11-07-2009
Tags: flashlight, headlamp, led, led headlamp torch, lego headlamp torch, light, torch
Headlamp Torch
Barrel vault
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Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.
The Cloisters, New York City
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another.
As with all arch-based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. One is, of course, to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong - this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building. However, the outer walls of the outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing. The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault.
Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were used extensively in Roman architecture. They were also used to replace the Cloaca Maxima with a system of underground sewers. Early barrel vault designs occur in northern Europe, Turkey, Morocco and other regions. In medieval Europe the barrel vault was an important element of stone construction in monasteries, castles, tower houses and other structures. This form of design is observed in cellars, crypts, long hallways, cloisters and even great halls.
Theory and early history
Barrel vaulting was known and employed by early civilizations, including Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, but apparently it was not a very popular or very common method of construction. The technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest known example of a vault is a Tunnel vault found under the Sumerian ziggurat at Nippur in Babylonia, ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built of burnt bricks amalgamated with clay mortar. The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at Requagnah and Denderah, circa 3500 BC; these were built in sun-dried brick in three rings over passages descending to tombs: in these cases, as the span of the vault was only two meters. In these early instances, the barrel vault was chiefly used for underground structures such as drains and sewers, though several buildings of the great Late Egyptian mortuary palace-temple of Ramesseum were also vaulted in this way. Recent archaeological evidence discovered at the Morgantina site (in the province of Enna) shows that the aboveground barrel vault was known and used in Hellenistic Sicily in third century BC, indicating that the technique was also known to Ancient Greeks.
Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from Etruscans. Romans were the first to use this building method extensively on large-scale projects, and were probably the first to use scaffolding to aid them in construction of vaults spanning over widths greater than anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer the use of groin vault; though more complex to erect, this type of vault did not require heavy, thick walls for support (see bellow), and thus allowed for more spacious buildings with greater openings and much more light inside, such as thermae.
After the fall of the Roman empire, few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period, a return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals; their interiors were fairly dark, due to thick, heavy walls needed for support of vault. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of Cluny Abbey, built between eleventh and twelfth century.
In thirteenth and fourteenth century, with the advance of the new Gothic style, barrel vaulting became almost extinct in constructions of great Gothic cathedrals; groin vaults reinforced by stone ribs were mostly used in the beginning, and later on various types of...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about hid headlamp, Rechargeable Led Torch, . The Air Compressor and Jump Start products should be show more here!
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Headlamp $122.67 A headlamp is a lamp, usually attached to the front of a vehicle such as a car, with the purpose of illuminating the road ahead during periods of low visibility, such as darkness or precipitation. Headlamp performance has steadilyimproved throughout the automobile age, spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime traffic fatalities: the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that nearly half of all trafficrelated fatalities occur in the dark, despite only 25 of traffic travelling during darkness.While it is common for the term headlight to be used interchangeably in informal discussion, headlamp is the technically correct term for the device itself,while headlight properly refers to the beam of light produced and distributed by the device.A headlamp can also be mounted on a bicycle (with a battery or small electrical generator), and most other vehicles from airplanes to trains tend to have headlamps of their own. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 220 Publication Date: 2010/07/31 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.50 inches |
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Princeton Tec Quad QUAD-BL Head Torch $29.99 105 Hour 3 x AAA Alkaline 3.39 oz 4 x LED 45 Lumen QUAD-BL Headlamp 3 x AAA Alkaline Battery At a mere 96 grams and the ability to use lithium AAA batteries (reducing the weight to just 82 grams), the Quad is easily the lightest headlamp in our Professional Series. Four Regulated Ultrabright LEDs illuminate even the darkest of outdoor conditions with a powerful and wide beam. Like the EOS, the Quad's housing is molecularly bonded together. Including the benefits of an O-ring seal, a battery meter, a separately molded battery compartment, and high-grade materials makes the Quad one of the best headlamps for working around camp,dark trail runs, and work spaces. The Quad is also available in the following models: Quad Tactical, Quad Industrial. Battery Blue Head Torch LED Princeton Tec QUAD-BL QUAD-BL Headlamp Quad UL Waterproof www.princetontec.com |
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HEADLAMP, APEX BLACK $70.99 HEADLAMP, APEX BLACK |
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Cosmo Headlamp $29.95 The Black Diamond Cosmo Headlamp is a versatile headlamp with the size and weight of a backup light and enough power for basecamp and beyond. |
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Gizmo Headlamp $19.95 The Black Diamond Gizmo Headlamp is an at-the-ready headlamp with three SinglePower LEDs, emitting 24 lumens, for go-anywhere lighting. |
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Princeton Tec Fuel FUEL4-BK Head Torch $22.99 146 Hour 2.75 oz 3 x AAA Alkaline 4 x LED 43 Lumen Fuel FUEL4-BK Headlamp 3 x AAA Alkaline Battery When applied well, technology should be simple. Such is the case with the innovative Fuel headlamp - designed to meet the widest range of applications while remaining small, lightweight and robust. With all of the touch points of the product being considered, the Fuel's smart design fulfills technology's promise of actually making our lives easier. What could be better than a light that weighs only 78g with 43 lumens of brightness and 146 hours of burn time? A light that also has an asymmetrical single arm bracket that makes directing the light effortless and reliable; a large, easy to find push button switch and a virtually bulletproof, easy access battery door that protects the 3AAAs and its electronics. Yea.. that's pretty much it. Battery Black FUEL4-BK Fuel Fuel FUEL4-BK Headlamp Head Torch LED Lightweight Princeton Tec Push Button Switch Waterproof www.princetontec.com |
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